Intelligence intercommunication by magnetic-wave components.



PATENTED JAN. 21, 1908.

G. W. PIGKAED. INTELLIGENCE INTEECOMMUNICA'IION EY MAGNETIC WAVE COMPONENTS.

- APPLICATION FILED .TUNE 10, 1907.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

tty

eREENLEA-F wnIr'rIER riemen. ott-AMEsanar,- MAssAcnUsEr'rs.'

INTELLIGENCE IN'TEEoommNicATIoN BY MAGNETIC-WAVE coMroNENTs.

PIcKARD, a citizen of the. United States of America, and a resident of the town ofAmesfbury, State of Massachusetts, have invented certain Intelligence Intercommunication by,

Magnetic-Wave Components, the principles of which are set forth in thefollowing specification and accompanying drawings, which disclose lthe forms of the invention which I now consider to berthe best of the various tlcal series ofvsmall circles or dots'in cross- Section to illustrate the sections of the' magforms in which its principles may he ernbodied.

This invention relates to means for effect-l ively employing the magnetic component of electromagnetic -.waves for the commercial intercommunication of all -kinds of intelligence by telegraphicall ,v or telep'honically transmitted and receive. messages.

The object of thejinvention 1s to'employ such magnetic component effectively for such transmission and reception of such intelligence, irrespective of the electric component heretofore employed, and whether or not such electric component vbe also, em- Plsiyed- 4The invention consists and is embodied in -lelectrical apparatus and conductors, suit- I tion.

ably constructed, proportioned vand combined,-to accomplish the object of the invention, as fully described "hereinafter in connection with the drawings, of which Figure 1 is an explanatory diagram, Fig. 2'

a diagrammatic elevation of the invention, and Flg. 3 a similar elevation of a modifica- The invention also relates to means for cooperatively combining the means having the components of s uch waves.,l u

of a vertical section ofthe lower portion t'. e.

aforesaid objects and nature,with means for employing andv utilizing the electric compo-A .nent ofthe specified waves. This means for operativelyv efecting this combination Vis shown da rammatically in Figi.

A consiv eration of the phenomena of elec-- trornagnetic-waves, in connectionwith Fig. 1, will bring out the distinction, essential herein, between the electric and magnetic ig. 1 is a art that inthe vicinity of and above the earth s surface), of a train of .electroma netic waves,

which passes in the direction indicated' by the arrow, and which travels in all directions from'a 'central source not shown., f The sec-f` tlon i's taken along any radius of the widenmg circle of which the 'source 'is' the center,

` Patented '.iaaanireos. Y

E,'-E represent the Faraday tubes, or electric eomponents'of the'successive waves, which i form parts of the train. `M, M represent magnetic com ,onents ofv the .successive 'waves.

The-.e A@tric component each Wwe is in the Vicinity 0f the earth Gr, no1- mal to the surface thereof. The 'magnetic components M, M lag ninety degrees, ora'- quarter wave length, behind the electric components. The magneticvcomponent M of eachl wave is shown as a plurahtfypf vernetic lines constituting closed'circles parallel to .the earths surface, of widening diameters,

around the lsource as acommon center of; these circles.` Thevariations of degree 'of' intensity of each individual component of 'either kind is roughly indicated by heavy" .and light lines in the case of the electric cemponent, and by large and small circles or dots I in the case of the magnetic component.

'Heretofore in the ractice of electric wave telegraphy and telep ony, the magnetic component has been neglected, and has not been vutilized. to contribute to the operation to any effective degree, notwithstanding the fact that it possesses a substantial ortion of the "wave-energy; and heretofore t e object has.

been to utllize the electric .component exclusively. 'Judging from the remarkable re-` sults of the practical use ofthe invention hereof, the energ'y of the `'magnetic component is at least as great as that ofthe electric ..compoi1ent. If any energy-robbing obstacle is encountered 'by a wave, which drame energy from either the magnetic warp or the electric woof of the wave, the rent is a parently repaired with energy automatical y taken from the other component, s'o that the wave is self-repairing to establisha 'normally colist ant 'relation as to the energy possessed by, each component. The methods which have been employed to utilize the electric component are substantially as follows., -An ele- Yated conductor orconductors are arranged so that they lie in the path of the waves, and

have either a material connection to' earth,l through a metallic conductor, or anoperative connection across aneifectively short yspace of the intervening air dielectric o err" atingasa capacity connection,v with w 'ch earth connection the detecting Orconnections, of eitherkind, have been' .means is .operatively associated. These e evated conductors, with their effective earth connection f f ploying a closed circuitof such nature that termed l antenna, since they projected out- Wardly from fthe earth as originally usedj;

When a train of eletcrictwaves passes such an antenna, certain' of thelines corresponding to the electric components, terminate upon the antenna for an instant, and thereby ,raise or lower and vary its potential With A .respect to earth. This results, as a series` of 1 Waves'pass',"`in a number of up and down surges jof'current through the vantenna and its effective connection to earth ;A the number of 'surgings corresponding -to-the number of waves in the series o1', train." The detector Wasdirec'ztlyior indirectly included in' the path vof these surgings and was operated thereb-y.- Such antenna have been of varil ous constructions, such as the open-ended or ',insulatedtype, and the closed-circuit type, l and of` various arrangements, such as project' i g more or' less vertically into" the air,

horizontally with res ect to the eartli','either normal to or para el with the radii'is of wave3propagati'on', or indiiierently With respect. thereto."` In all cases however, thejaction is the same, as by the momentary termination on the antenna of a certain ,por-

. tion of the electric component, and the variation of the' potential thereby in the antenna land earth connection, Whether or not thef antenna lies f horizontally in line With the l direction`4|` of the Waves, and Whether the earth connection be a metallic conductor or "the intervening air dielectric or a condenser oreq-uivalent'ca acity. In examples of such systems Where t e closed-circuit has included f 'considerable area sufficient to capturea part of the energy of the magnetic component,

' v the inclusion of the detector in an effective arth connection has prevented the practical utilization of that' energy.

y I have -discovered, not only that the magnetic component can be usefully employed 1n commerce, 1butthat it can be thus usefully employed exclusively of the use of the electric component, and that when' so exclusively employed, much betterresults are obtained electric component alone.

than by the old systems which employed the I have discov- .eredithat vthe magnetic component can be Lso alone, used in-,commerce, by means of em .A .the area inclosed Within the circuit is of an v "order .of magnitude of .hundreds o f squareI j f feet or'suiiiciently large t0`be cut by an extremely large number of the magnetic lines,

. shown asthe circles M of Fig. 1. I have dis- `f covered thatif such a closed circuit, inclus- .1 an' area of such an order of magnitude, at

a' receiving installation, include a condenser lof .capacity such as to cause the natural period ofthe 'circuit to be the same as the perlod of the l.source of Waves, then the cutting of [the area included within .the circuit, by the extremely large correspondingly included number of lines of the magnetic components' of `-the waves cause a resonant b local means, constituting complete andaccuF ratetelegraphic 'or telephonie messages; I l

Yhave also dlscovered thatvvif such a circuit, vin'closing an area of such an order of magmtude, be usedat 4a transmitting installation, with any efficient sourcel of',Wave-producing oscillations, it Will operate effectively-asa means for/transmitting an efficient amount of energy'in the form'of Waves consistingz chieiiy of magnetic components, which operate efficiently with a circuit .atl a distant receiving installation similarly'constituted as to incloslng an extremely large area. I have further discovered that the operation vof such a large-'inclosing-area circuit is exclusive ofv any action of the electric lines. 'Ihechiefl essential of such -a circuit is its large inclosed area, by which it inclosesa large number of magnetic lines of the passing Waves'.` -1'I have further discovered that the strength ofthe received signals is ap roximately directly proportiona to the inc o sed area of the circuit, this fact being in accordance with the e'neral physical law that the electromotiv orce set up by a magnetic flux through the planeof a closed circuit is directly rop'ortional to the number of magnetic nes in such iux included within the circuit.4 I have further discovered that the syntonization of such a circuit can be perfectl eiected, andshould preferably be eiecte Without the use of tuning inductance, and solely'by means of a variable condenser operating in th'e main circuit. .-V

In 2;'A represents the areainclosed by a 'circuit number sixteen co 'penwire A',

having minimum inductance. have used such an area on a small scale, withsurprisingly good results of a commercial character, when the area was as small as about "nine hundred square feet. From a given commercial transmitting station, ldistant about ninety miles, this vcircuit permitted the reception of clear,distinct signals constituting colpipletetelegraphic messages, the energy 4of W c measured one one-hundredth of an erg r Morse dot. A circuit inclosing about ve times said area, i. e., about four thousand and iive hundred square feet, and of substantially the same capacity, but of irregular shape, permitted the reception of equally distinct signals and messages,'but of greater intensity, the energy of which" measured sixglf one hundredths of an lerg per-Morse dot.

(See, an article by nre entitled MeasureL ments off-'Received Ener Aat .Wireless Stations, in 'the Electric 'Reviemecember 15, 1906). This circuit,now in use Withthe station at'. Wellileet, Massachusetts, has a measured inductancevof one hundredl and.

leighty seven microhenries, and a. capacity of for tuning. i

The.- dotted partof the wire Ain Fig. 2

enormouslyg'reater.' in pro ortion to theabout. five one-thousandths of.` amicrofarad indicate'the fact that: the inclosed area is 'other parts of the figure. T eshape ofthe circuitis unimportant, provided only that its inclosed area .is ofadegree: suiciently largeto. produce. theanovel 'result of commercial. operativeness in. respect oftelegra hic and telephonie messages, by means-of t e magneticcom onent of the passing wages, eX- clusiveon.. the electric component. The distance between' the bottom ofthe circuit andground is immaterial, because the operation of the detector-is entirely by the currents magnetically set` up in its including cirA cuit, entirely independent .of the action of the1 electricv lines whichiisin turnl dependent` upon condenser actionbetween the aerial,

conductor and-earth. The circuit is preferablyarranged, for best operation, so. thatthe inclosed areais substantially orl effect.-

ively normal.' or approximately normall to..

\ thehorizontal planes of the magnetic circles,

' inclosedcircuit shou d preferably be vertical.

. magnetic circ es. *40:*

although the invention is` operative with av considerable departure from this position.l Thatv isto say, the lane of the area ofthe with respect to the earths surface, incrder that the magnetic lines near the" earthl (M ofy Eig. 1) may thread through the inclosed area, and-'not-sim ly swee would be thevcase 1f the inc osed, area were absolutely parallel with thev earths surface and therefore arallel with the-planesof the yertiealpla'nekof the magnetic lines, which m.- turn are normal, to the radius of wavepropagation, it will be .most eectively threaded by those magnetic lines.

I harfel found not only that the received.

' energy increases in' pro ortionto the'areaof -'duce the's the circuit independent y of its capacity, but that the i additionv of a Ametallic earth? connection'to vany oint of -the circuit, fails to proigihtest observable eifect upon the intensity or the tune'of the received signals-- Althoughqthis circuit' willoperate with tuning inluetance, variable to eiiectsyntonization, iyetfthnintensity of the received energ decre'as'iesaslthe'inductance is increased, suc

that. ,theuse ofanyinductance other than that fof the circuit conductor A itself is osi- -ance of thecircnit'itselfshould be as-low as possible-and be preferably limited to that of` the'wire itself.l This holds true, with a va-ri-` tively detrimental; andthe naturalin uct- 'fable 'inductance, Whether. the detector con nectionbe direct,. or through." an oscillation. transformer: Perfect tuning can beobtained by; the' variablecondenser G,

acrossit,` as v When Athe plane of the areainclosed by thecircuit is nor-malto the f with air-dielectric, in the Circuit of the de connectedin an earth connection, and'including ai-tuning inductance, and wherein the electromotive forcev due to the magnetic component existslonly between the top 'the antenna. and the inductance, and not between the induct'ance and ground,`.can

:possibly involvethe effectivev contribution of# the magnetic component to the end of reducing intelligible signals. Itis absoutely essential to the operativeness of this invention that the inclosed area of the aerial circuit beiof`the order of. magnitude speci- 'iiedherein, although it may depart considerably from the dimensions specified herein, y

tovconformwith varying conditions. This- Emeansy that` a'. considerable length of'conductorvis necessary; and the resulting efliciency', over and above simple operativenessin. transmitting and receiving intelligibley messa esover commercial distances, j-will dependargely upon the outlay on wire for'the-l aerial circuit. No considerations of local convenience should be permitted tov prevent an. adequate inclosed area, as the Epractical operativeness of the invention 'for' the transmission and reception of messagesis dependent upon an adequate area, such-f as that specied herein.

The circuit of thisv invention,- by being chiefly dependent for its operation on the great extentV of its inclosed area, isthereby 'independent of height, and theareamay be distributedlover a height of la few feet and a distance of hundreds of feet. The maincircuit of Fig. 2 may be and referablyi is of little height 'inrespect ofV .t e earth's surface. Since this circuit is operatively independent of any earth connection, and operates as well.

with it. as without'it, a low wire fence of considerable length, so as to include thnecessarylarge. area, providesla satisfactorycircuit, .providedthat-the parts of the-circuit be properly insulatedfromeach` other so as to establishy a closed circuit. This is particula-rly valuable because it is entirely immate rial to which partl ofthe circuit the Alocal transmitting or. receiving apparatus be con-` nected.` .So in time of-war, the-circuit may 4be strung rapidlyoon along serieslof'lances- {Stuckfinto the'y ground., since/it requires-nohigh .polesorfmasts and this isparticularly adimntageous:` in. that the-circuit need not project r`upwardly, as above trees, etc., so as to be within sight or the enemy. Furthermore, in employing the magnetic component in accordance with thisinvention, the action is apparently not inter. iered with to a material degree by mtervening trees or other conducting bodies connected to earth, in the vicinity of the main circuit. It makes little difference however, whether the circuit be of considerable length, or whether it' be low, provided only that the linclosed area be sufficiently large, in coperation with the presence of suilicient capacity and the absence of too great inductance, to accomplish the object of the invention; and this comparative iminateriality is due to the vfact that the extremely large inclosed area is the operative and material thing. An additional characteristic of the action of this circuit by the magnetic component, is the fact that it is totally inoperative by the magnetic component when the plane of the inclosed area is absolutely parallel with the vertical,

plane of the magnetic lines, and for the saine reason, broadly, that it is not eiliciently operative when the plane of its inclosed area is absolutely parallel with the horizontal planek of the magnetic circles, i. e., because the area is' not then efficiently threaded by the inagnetic lines. In the former case, the lines cut the area, but' the magnetic force acts in different directions in the circuit at the same time, thus preventing an effective resultant current. In the latter case there is no threading at all ofthe magnetic lines through the circuit. It has heretofore been observed, in the case of circuits, either open, or closed to include a small area, which circuitswere used either with a metallic or dielectric con.

nectio'n to earth to be operated as localizers or range finders by the electric component,

' of the magnetic component on a large scale measured by the large inclosed area of the circuiton the one hand, and on the other the result of total inoperativeness when the inclosed area is precisely normal to the radius of wave propagation. This difference is so marked that it serves very usefully as a means for the practical elimination of interference by ,foreign messages transmitted along a radius approximately normal to the plane of the'inclosed area of the circuit of this invention. As in circuits employing the electric components, the circuit hereof should have an electrical length 'not in excess of a ,quarter wave length, so that reversals of direction of the magnetic lines and consequent algebraic addition of positive and negative electromotive forcewill not reduce the ellective energy. In the case of this invention however, the length of the circuit to be con sidered is the horizontal length with respect to the earths surface, and not the vertical length. But mere length is ineffective in this invention if not accompanied by the necessary high order of area inclosed by the closed circuit. In the case referred t0,herein, as the smaller of the two areasf'i'ised, the circuit was about ninety feet long and ten feethigh, it being 'absolutely necessary toseparate the u per and lower wires a considerable distance om each other in order to obtain the required area without exceeding the limitation of eicient length. Without this suiiicient area the circuit will not be opera.

tive for its purpose as a means for the intercommunication of intelligible messages in commercial telegraphy or telephony by means of the magnetic component.

In Fig. "2, the local receiving apparatus isv shown above the switch S at the left, and the local transmitting apparatus below the switch S. Any suitable double-pole doublethrow switch (S) may be connected to the terminals 1, 2 of the leads 3, 4 tothe terminals of the main or aerial part of the circuit A. This switch S may be thrown down-y connect the local transmitting to the main part of the circuit, or upwardly, to disconnect the latter and connect in the local receiving apparatus. The local transmitting apparatus may beof any suitable character, except that a suitable wardly to apparatus condenser, forming a part thereof, will be included in the main circuit A. As shown,

the transmitting apparatus comprises angenerator Gr, a transkey K,-a condenser D, 'The local receiving apparatus, as shown, consists'of a small variable condenser C, with air dielectric, for tuning the main circuitA to the frequency of the passing waves; any I operated oscillation detector T J, suchv as that of my Patent 836,531 of November 20,

alternating current former T, a sending and a spark-gap P.

1906; a small condenser N, of xed value,

and with` mica dielectric, as a shunt to the' telephone; and a pair of ordinary head telephones represented at shown. If desired, any relay may be cooperatively associated with the detector T J, as known in the art. 'The' condenser C serves notonly -as a meansf'or. up of current in to the action therein of the causing a resonant buil the circuit, due

suitable current- -izo L; all connected aS' suitable amplifying'-rr magnetic linesv inclosed thereby; andas .al l l means for tuning; but also as afmeans for preventing the short-circuiting of the deavere-9e! tector and telephone. As stated, 'either the local transmitting or the local receiving 'apparatus, or both, maybe connected to any convenient part of the main circuit,"and .this

is because the action is entirely independent of the action of electric lines. 'the condenser C of the local receiving apparatus,

. which is included in the circuit A when the latter is used for receiving, acts to syntonize the period of the circuit A with the frequency of the passing waves, so as to permit a resonant buildingup of current in the circuit A when awave-train passes, dueto thef action of the magnetic lcomponents of the successive waves of the train uponthecirc'uit A,-inc1osing an area of the required order of magnitude.

Owing to the absence of any artificial inductance in the circuit, and its extremely conservative character as a closed circuit, the oscillations are very persistent and the tuning veryjsharp indeed, so that amaximum of the energy of the ma netic'components of passing waves is avai ablefor use in the indicating device L when efiicientl transformed into, or otherwise made avaiable in direct current. form, by means of the detector T J. irrespective of eiciency of operation, this invention is advantageous in its simplicity.- Thus, in the absence of tuning inductances, lhigh masts or poles, etc., the receiving system of Fig. 2, constituting an efficient andperfectly.syntonizable s s 'surrounding air, and all static discharges through ,the circuit and the detector would vbe prevented.

An'important feature of this invention inits usp in a transmitting system, is its ability to transmit the energy substantially in 4line with the plane of the closed circuit, in analogy to the receiving properties of the inven tion.

AIn Fig. 3, both the magnetic and electric l comnonents are employed, thus greatly raising t e eiliciency in cases where the circuit is of sufficient height or length to operate economlcally with res ect to the electric component, and when t e enclosed area is sufficiently large, in any shape, to operate economically with respect to the magnetic component and so as to compensate for the relative meiiclency of the magnetic component ber of thev transformer T. voperates by the current set up in the circuit 'electric components.

due to the inclusion of the various ances. variable condensers C1v and C2 (for the same purpose as that of C in Fig. 2), and one mem- This transformer lA by the magnetic lines included within its large area,'and this transformer T supplies the rimary P of the transformer T2 to which the ocal receiving apparatus is connected as shown at the left; the detector T J being The aerial circuit A includes .theladapted to be included in the circuit A in the v path of the currents set up by the magnetic com ponent, and being independent of the eart connection for the electric component.

Substantially all the captured Venergy of,

the magnetic component is conveyed to the primary P', and none of this energy-passes through the earth connection l. The transformer T is ysubstantially non -vinductive to the surgings of the currents caused by the momentary termination onthe -wire A', of the electric components ofthe passing Waves; and the two halvesof the upper member of the transformer Tv act as simple leads to the earth connection I, from a mem-' ber of the transformer T3, whichvmember'j may be adjustable, for vtuning with respectv to the electric component, as shownby the arrow connection. Substantially allr of the captured energy of the electric compo- -nent is conveyed 'through the earth connec-` tion I and-none of it reaches the primary P Q,

are ninety de eesin advance of those the primary P o transformer T2, owing tothe .The currents in this` transformer T3, being'l due to the'action of theelectric component, 100

act that the magnetic components of the j waves, which produce the currents vin the, primary P', lag by this amount behind the rents caused by a lven wave-train, constituting an individualil a continuous train of waves which is interruptedto produce a. tele aphic signal, or varied 'to transmit a teli;r These currents therefore, being outofj phase,

may not be readily combined directly to'fpro-` duce an intelligible result in the local receiving apparatus. g By connecting a short artificial trical length, a retardation can be effected to lbring the two sets of currents into phase with each other; as bythe artificial line A L betweenthe transformer T3 vand the primaryxPz of the transformer T. .Thus the two setsof currents can be added together in the transformer T2 to co erate in acting most advantageously upon the local receiving ap A'aratus. The metallic connection I need not o course phonic ,message telegraphic signal, or to ein circu'itwith either set of currents, which line is equalto ninety degrees in elec-f4 extend below the vtransformer T3, because the l action by the electriclines can effectively take place lrovided there is sufcient height. or length o the aerial circuit, and an opera-,f

105 This appliesto curtive earth connection as by a sufficiently short distance of intervening air dielectric. By reason of theA artiiicial line A L and its associated apparatus, the current-operated'detector T J is indirectly but effectively connected to the earth connection I, approxi-` mately at a current node, so as to be acted upon by the effect of the electric. component made available by the earth connection.

- vention as shown in Fig. 2, in order to obtain the energy 'of the magnetic com onent in available form; and in Fig. 3 is t e means for putting the two sets of currents in phase and utilizing them vto operate a common local receiving set. In using the circuit of Fig. 3 as a transmitting installation, the local transmitting apparatus shown in Fig. 2 may be connected to. the aerial A of Fig. 3 in the same Way as in Fig. 2.

The combination system of Fig. 3 is no more complicated than many of the systems heretofore employing the electric component alone and using the customary tuning inductances, transformers, ground connections and condensers; and in installations where it isnecessary to utilize all of the energy in the passing waves, including that of both the magnetic and electric components, it is indispensable. Thesimple system of Fig. 2 herein is amply eflicient for all usual conditions and ordinarv installations,`and its simplicityl and increased efhciency as compared with previous systems, make' it an extremely desirable equipment for commercial usel It is particularly well ladapted for use on ships on the high s eas, in respect of itsability to furbriefly recapitulated as follows. I poles, masts, towers rother elevatedstrucnish maxlmum eiiiciency of communication between-a ship and head on obstructionsxor other ships equipped with similaror different' systems. y AThe advantages of this invention `may be No high tures vare required, so that the cost lof 'installation is slight, and great variation in mode of installation'V is permitted, vto conform with local conditions. Furthermore, slnceearthconnections from any points on the circuit/do not affect the `operation-in any Way as distinguished from all methods of emp oying the electric component, the ne v cessityofany expensive means of insulation is obviated. The expense of providing' tun-v ing inductaneje's is also obviated, because the invention is more efficient Without any such "inductances, as distinguished from methods employlng the electric coniponent. There 1s nov material interference'"by4 neighboring? conductors suchl 4as' trees or 'othf'ar'vegetafy tion, as distinguished from systems employing the electric component. Interference by foreign stations can be cut down so as to be entirely obviated, as` described. When the circuit of this invention is insulated from earth, there is absolutely no trouble from static discharges, which cannot be pre-I vented in systems employing the electric component, without Aexpensive special apparatus. The system of this invention, -comprising a closed circuit, in order to obtain the necessary operative area, is thereby conservative of energy, and permits sharp tuning. The invention also provides means, in proper cooperation with' means for employing the'y electric component, for utilizing effectively, absolutely all ofthe energy em` ployed in intercommunication-` Considered as a whole, the invention is distinguished from prior commercial systems by its extreme simplicity, and in the last analysis is, so far as its closed circuit character is concerned, and except as to proportions,"simil'ar to the little ring or resonator of Hertz, but used with the cooperating apparatus and in the proportions and positions specified herein as properand necessary to. secure practical results.' When Hertz discovered that he cold connect points of his little ring to earth, through the gas-pipe in his laboratory, without disturbing the oscillating action, and reached the conclusionthat circuit 'acted upon by the surgings set up by the electric lines, it may be that he used the .ring in such way, (without recognizing the fact), as to obtain '.results by the -magnetic -these points were the potential nodes, of a lines, 'such that' earth connectionsv could I have been made without effect from all points of the circuit." In this invention however, it is certain that therev are no cur-A rent nodes :or potential anti-nodes, as in all systems using vthe electric component, because any or all points of the circuit can be connected to earth without producing the slightest observable efi'ect on Ithe intensityv or the'tune ofI the received signals, and b'eto thev main circuit 'at any desired or convenient place. `The marked characteristics of this invention are its extreme simplicity, combined withits practical efficiency., in commercial work. f

Iclaim: f -1. Means' for employing the magnetic comcause the local apparatus can be connected l ponents of electromagnetic Waves for the reception of telegraphicallyortele honicall i transmitted messa es and signa s,- `whic comprises a closed e ectrical clrcuitinclosing lan extremely large area, to; yincludean ex. tremely large number of the `magnetic lines;

of passing waves; said circuit including a condenser to cause aresonant build' current 1n the circuit, due to the action there- .on o f said magnetic lines, the capacity of said condenser being variable tov ermit the syntonization of the circuit to t e frequency of I the transmitted passing Waves; said circuit including also a Icurrent-operated detector;

said condenser'and detector being in shunt with respect to each other and connected insaid circuit at any desiredor convenient part thereof; a tele honic indicating device operatlvely assoclated withsaid conldenser and detector, and a second condenser connected' in shunt to the tele honic indicating device. 2, Meansfor emp oying the magnetic components of electromagnetic Waves Jfor the re- {ception of .telegraphically or telephonically l transmitted messages and signals, Which ycomprises a-closed' electrical circuit inclosing `an extremely large area, to include an extremely large number of 'the ma netic lines of passing waves; said circuit inc uding a condenser to cause a resonant building up of cur- I rent in the circuit, due to..the action thereon of said magnetic lines, the capacity of said condenser-being variable* to' permit the syntomzationv of the circuit to t the transmitted passing'waves; said circuit including also a `current-operated detector; 'said condenser and detector lbeing in shunt With respect to each other and connected in said circuit at any desired or' convenient part thereof an indicating device operatively as,

sociate'd Withs'aid 'condenser and detector,

and 'a second condenser connected in shunt to .the indicating device.

3; Means for employing the magnetic `components of electromagnetic Waves for the rei 4ception of 'telegraphically or telephonically t rz a.'nsmitted messa es and signals, which lcomprises a closedv e vectrical circuit inclosing an 'extremely large area, to include an extrelngely large' number of the ma netic lines of Y passing Waves; said circuit inc uding a conenser to causea resonant build` up of curirent in the circuit, due to theaction thereon` condenser being variable to of "said magnetic'4 lines, the capacity of said f tonization of the circuit to t e frequency'of the transmitted 'passing Waves; said cncult includingalso' a current operated detector; said condenser' and detector being 1n shunt with respect to each other and connected 1n said circuit 'at any desired or convenient part thereof; and an indicating device operatransmitted 'messa es and signa tively associated with said condenserand detector..

4. 'Means for employing the magnetic com- I .l ponents of electromagnetic Waves for the rewhich comprises a closed .e ectrical. clrcuit inclosmg an. extremely large area, to include' an exception of telegraphically. or teleplqionically tremely large number of the magnetic lines of passing'waves; said circuit inc uding a -con- I l denser to cause a resonant building up of cur'- rent-in the circuit, due to the action thereon cuece.

e frequency of tonization of the circuit to t the transmitted passing Waves; said circuit including also a current-operated detector;

With respectto each other and connected in said circuit at any desired or convenient part thereof. f

5. Means for employing the magnetic components of electromagnetic Waves for the reception of telegraphically or telehonicall transmitted messages and signa s, Whic comprises a closed electrical circuit inclosing an extremely large area, said I'circuit including 'a condenser to cause a resonant building up of current in the circuit, due to the action of said.magnetic lines, the capacity of said condenser b'eingvariable to permit' the syne frequency of said condenser and detector being in shunt thereon of said ma netic lines, the capacity of said condenser eing'variable to ermit the syntonization of the circuit to t efreosed circuit being adapted to become increasingly effective as its .inclosed area a roaches a position ee'ctively normal tot eorizontal anejof the magnetic lines of passing Waves, to operatively includelan extremely large number of said lines.

6. Means for employing the magnetic components of electromagnetic Waves for the reception of telegraphically or telephonically transmitted messages',` which comprises a qluency of transmitted passing Waves; said c closedelectric circuit-inclosing an extremely large area, to include an extremely largeV number of the*4 magnetic lines of passing Waves, said circuit having suilicient capacity to cause a resonant building up of current in the circuit, due 'to the action thereon of-s'aid magnetic lines' Which are included Within the circuit ;h and 'a current-operated detector includedv at any desired or convenient part Yof said circuit. v 7. Means for employing the magnetic components of electromagnetic Waves for the reception of telegraphically or telephonically ltransmitted=messa es and signals, which comprises' a closed e e'ctrical circuit inclosing an extremel large area, said circuit being adapted to ecome increasingly eiiective as its inclosed area approximates a position eectively normal to the horizontal plane of the magnetic lines of passing Waves, and said circuithaving sufficient capacity to cause a resonant building circuit, due to the action thereon of said mag'- netic lines which are includedwithin the up of current in the,

i irrespective of the electric component, forl planewhich is effectively 'parallelvvith the j earthsv surface at the place of'installation, to include an extremely'large number of the magnetic lines of passing-Waves.

9. Means for employing the magnetic components of electromagnetlc Waves eectively,

the intercommunication of telegraphically or telephonically transmitted and received mes'- sages and signals, which comprises a'closed electrical circuit, of little height 'Withrespect to the earths surface, but inclosing an ext tremelylarge area, and adapted to 'become increasingly eective as its inclosed area approximates a position electively normal .pto the horizontal plane of the magnetic lines ofpassin -large num er of said magnetic lines.

Waves to include an extremely 10. Means for employing the magnetic components of electromagnetic Waves effectively, irrespective of the electric component, for the intercommunication of telegraphically or telephonically transmitted and received messages and signals, which comprises an electrical conductor f loW inductance connected to form a closedcircuit, but inclosing an extremely large area to include an extremely large number of the magnetic lines of passlng waves, the inductance of said circuit being limited tothe inductance' of said conductor itself, and said closed circuit being adapted t0` become increasingly eective as Y its inclosed area approximates a position effectively normal to the horizontal plane of the magnetic lines."

J 11. Means for employing thev magnetic components of `electromagnetic Waves for the intercommunication of tele aphically or .telephonically transmitted an received Inessagesv and signals, which comprises a closed electrical 'circuit inclosing an extremely large area to include an extremely large number of the magnetic lines of passing Waves, and said closed circuit being adapted to become increasingly eliective as its inclosed area approximates a position effectively normal to the' 'horizon tal plane of the magnetic lines.jI

12.:` Means fqr hboftli'A the; 'magnetic and electric componentsof 4ele'ctronnig-g netic Waves for theintercommunication of telegraphically or telephonicallytransmitted and received messages and signals,- which i -v comprises a closed aerial circuit inclosingf-an; extremely large area to include an extremely large number of the magnetic Vlines of passing Waves; said aerial circuithaving .slulicientv height to be eil'ectivelyfactil 'upon by' the electric component; in combination'with an u effective earth connection-to permit the elfectfy ive action of the electric component; means for bringing into phase both sets` of currents produced by the'respectifve components; and

a common-receiving apparatus suppliedwith A both sets of currentsin phase. l

13. Means for employingthe` magnetic-l components of electromagnetic Waves for the1A intercommunication of tele aphically.4 or telephonically transmittedan received Inessages and signals,whi'ch comprises a 'closed electrical circuit inclosing an extremely large area, and arranged, 1n its position of 1 mum oA erativeness, to cause the inclosedb area toy iei effectively normal to the horizon tal plane ofl themagnetic lines at theplace' of installation, and in a plane which is effect ively normal p to. the1 -vertical plane v'of -the l magnetic lines.

.14. Means for employing Within the closed circuit...

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